GEO DATA

Volume 6(4); December 2024

Detailed Information for This Issue

Editorial Note

Editorial Note: Kidong Kim; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):187-188. Published online December 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0131

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Data Articles

The Spatial Distribution of Wetland Preference of Vegetation in River Type Wetland Protected Area: Jong-Hak Yun, Yeonhui Jang, Jeong Ho Hwang, Haeseon Shin; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):189-196. Published online December 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0025

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Abstract PDF: The spatial distribution of wetland preference of vegetation was analyzed based on the results of actual vegetation maps for six river type wetland protected areas. There are nine to 23 plant communities distributed in the six wetlands. In wetland preference plant communities, there are 16 obligate wetland plant communities (OBW), 10 facultative wetland plant communities (FACW), seven facultative plant communities (FAC), five factultative upland plant communities (FACU), and 15 obligate upland plant communities (OBU). In the central part of the wetland protected area, OBW and FACW are mainly distributed, and in the peripheral area, FACU and OBU are widely distributed. Therefore, in order to continuously maintain wetland vegetation, it is necessary to prevent drying out by managing inflowing water, removing sediment, and securing water flow.

Dataset Construction for Monitoring the Effects of Ecosystem Restoration Projects: Soyeon Cho, Nahyun Ahn, Jaegyu Cha; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):197-207. Published online December 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0027

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Abstract PDF: Climate change have increased the necessity for developing climate adaptation strategies. Ecological restoration projects have been implemented to restore the structure and function of degraded natural environments, thus enabling adaptation to the climate crisis. However, due to the lack of subsequent monitoring and evaluation, the effectiveness and success of these restoration efforts remain unverified. Verification of restoration effectiveness is essential for establishing ecological restoration and adaptation policies. Therefore, this study catalogs 338 cases of ecosystem restoration projects (including Ecosystem Conservation Fund Return Projects, Jayeon Madang Restoration Projects, and Urban Ecological Corridor Restoration Projects) conducted between 2010 and 2023 to effectively select monitoring sites. Using satellite-based spatial data, we quantified the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference built-up index (NDBI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) and land surface temperature (LST). This study shows that higher NDVI values significantly lower LST and NDMI, indicating that the more vegetation restored in ecosystems, the more effectively it reduces surface temperatures. The NDVI across all land cover types averaged above 0.2, corresponding to a high vegetation cover density. Specifically, forests exhibited significantly higher NDVI and NDMI, whereas bare land and used area showed significantly higher NDBI and LST. Over the time series, NDVI and NDMI increased, and NDBI decreased, suggesting the positive effects of restoration. The ranges of NDVI, NDBI, NDMI and LST values by land cover type for the 338 restoration project sites provided in this study can be utilized for selecting specific monitoring sites and verifying effectiveness.

Constructing the Spatial Data to Forecast Potential Habitat for Amphibians and Reptiles under Climate Change: Man-Seok Shin, Sung-Ryong Kang, Bo-Ra Kim; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):208-225. Published online December 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0028

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Abstract PDF: In this study, distribution data and environmental information for predicting the potential habitat of amphibians and reptiles in South Korea were compiled. The distribution data of amphibians and reptiles include nationwide surveys conducted by the National Institute of Ecology (seven surveys) and the Korea National Park Service (one survey). The distribution data are based on 57,777 locations for 35 species. Environmental information related to the habitat of amphibians and reptiles was constructed from 19 bioclimatic variables related to climate and four spatial variables related to geographic factors, and 19 bioclimatic variables for the future (2020-2090) were constructed using the results of SSP scenarios. In addition, species distribution models (MaxEnt) were used to predict current and future potential habitat for 28 amphibian and reptile species with more than 50 survey sites. The model validation values for the 28 species ranged from 0.717 to 0.987. These data have the potential to inform conservation strategies in response to climate change by spatially identifying current and future potential habitat for amphibians and reptiles.

A Study on the Spatial Information Compilation of Inland Wetlands in South Korea: Chang-Su Lee, Haeseon Shin, Hyeongcheol Lee, Yijung Kim, Sanghun Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):226-234. Published online December 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0034

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Abstract PDF: Wetlands offer numerous benefits, including improving water quality, providing habitats for wildlife, and storing water. They are areas where water either covers the soil or is just below the surface for extended periods. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining environmental balance and ecological stability. In South Korea, the Wetlands Conservation Act was established in 1999 to protect these vital ecosystems and their biodiversity. The law defines inland wetlands as lakes, ponds, swamps, rivers, and estuaries. However, the boundaries of these areas are often unclear, creating challenges for conservation and research. This ambiguity complicates effective management and the implementation of necessary protective measures. This study utilized topographic and aerial images to gather spatial information about inland wetlands and assess their areas. It identified the boundaries of inland wetlands in South Korea, revealing a total area of 3,833.452 km², which is 3.8% of the country’s total land area. The classified the spatial data, showing that vegetated areas cover 1,355.666 km², or 35.4% of the total area, with woody plants covering 102.987 km² and herbaceous plants 1,252.679 km². Non-vegetated areas account for 2,477.786 km², or 64.6%, with open water 2,206.615 km², natural land 160.995 km², artificial land 72.343 km², and Agricultural land 37.833 km². Clearly defining wetland boundaries is essential for effective conservation and protection. Accurate boundary definitions facilitate legal protection and help prevent damage to wetlands. The results provide quantitative data that can inform future wetland conservation planning and management. And enhance our understanding of the size and changes in South Korea’s inland wetlands, supporting their preservation and protection.

Expanded Bioclimatic Variables Extracted from Monthly Climate Predictions under the SSP Climate Scenarios over South Korea: Jieun Oh, Ah Reum Han, Yeong-cheol Kim, Seungbum Hong; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):235-247. Published online December 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0018

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Abstract PDF: Numerous studies, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sixth assessment report, have documented species habitat shifts caused by climate change. These shifts lead to transformations in ecosystem structure, components, and functions. Exploring the connections between species and climate change is essential for developing adaptation strategies. Many studies use species distribution models (SDMs), which are based on the correlation between species habitats and climatic surroundings, to predict ecological shifts under climate change. The primary climate variables for these models are the only 19 variables whose concepts are based on monthly average temperature and precipitation from the BIOCLIM package developed in 1984. These 19 bioclimatic variables usually are obtained from WorldClim data set and other datasets. However, they have limitations in reflecting local climate characteristics and their association with ecology. Firstly, future projection data from global dataset including WorldClim dataset is derived directly from global climate models rather than regional climate models. Secondly, the 19 variables based on monthly temperature and precipitation do not adequately express hydrological characteristics of terrestrial ecosystem which are crucial for species habitats. Lastly, although there are various biogeographical indices excepts the 19 bioclimatic variables, there have been just a few cases that they were applied to SDMs for Korea. To overcome these limitations, this study expands the various bioclimatic variables, using regionally specialized climate data from Korea Meteorology Administration (KMA). The newly extended indices, which can reflect water availability, are expected to improve the prediction of SDMs, enabling more precise assessment of ecological risks due to climate change and effective adaptation strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on ecosystems.

Research on Area Change of Coastal Sand Dunes Based on the Dune Boundary Data in South Korea: Jihyun Kang, Seonghun Lee, Hyun-Su Hwang; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):248-262. Published online December 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0014

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Abstract PDF: Coastal sand dunes in South Korea were listed 133 first in 2001 by the Ministry of Environment, and from 2007 to 2009, the National Institute of Environmental Research listed 199. Listed from the prior research, we delimitated 207 coastal sand dune boundaries. Past and present coastal dune boundaries were presumed by aerial photos took in 2014 and during the 1940s to 1960s at the National Geographic Information Institute. Then, we modified the boundary of coastal sand dunes by conducting a field survey. We categorized 189 listed up and 19 history management coastal sand dunes based on the characteristics of coastal sand dunes. Coastal sand dunes in South Korea were located in each district: 58 in Jellanam-do, 42 in Chungcheongnam-do, 30 in Gangwon-do, 14 in Jeju, 12 in Gyeongsangbuk-do, seven in Jeonbuk-do, and two coastal sand dunes in Gyeonggi-do and Gyeongsangnam-do. The change in the area of coastal sand dunes between the past and present 36.5% of coastal sand dunes were decreased because of agricultural and commercial use. Coastal sand dunes could be changed by high-pressure development. Our data were valuable for temporal and spatial usage and change of coastal sand dunes.

Insect Fauna of Estuary Wetlands in Sacheon City: Ga-Hwa Cheon, Gon-Yang Cheon: Minhyeok Won, Yeounsu Chu, Sanghun Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):263-270. Published online December 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0026

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Abstract PDF: Estuaries provide beneficial ecosystem services such as providing habitats for various species, and continuous monitoring of species, including insects, is necessary to prevent the destruction of estuaries. In this study, we analyzed the status and aspect of insect fauna in two estuary wetlands based on the results of Survey on Estuarine Ecosystem conducted in Ga-Hwa Cheon in 2013 and 2021 and Gon-Yang Cheon in 2023. A total of 464 insect species were found in the Ga-hwa Cheon and 753 species were found in the Gon-Yang Cheon. At the species level, Coleoptera (159 species), Hemiptera (101 species), and Hymenoptera (50 species) were dominant in the GaHwa Cheon, while Lepidoptera (478 species), Coleoptera (89 species), and Hemiptera (62 species) were dominant in the Gon-Yang Cheon. In the case of invasive species, Ricania sublimata and Vespa velutina nigrithorax were found in both two sites, and Eurema hecabe and Hierodula patellifera were found in both two sites as climate-sensitive biologocal indicator species. In the Ga-Hwa Cheon, Coenonympha hero was found, which corresponds to the vulnerable species of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Through this study, we analyzed the status and aspect of insect fauna in two estuary wetlands located in Sacheon-si, and it can be used as important basic data for establishing wetland conservation policies and plans, such as controlling invasive species.

Changes in Fish Fauna and Community Analysis in Upo Wetland Protection Area, South Korea: Su Hwan Kim, Young-Jin Yun, Dae-Yeol Bae, Sangwook Han, Yeounsu Chu; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):271-279. Published online December 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0030

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Abstract PDF: Upo Wetland is a representative wetland protection area in Korea, recognized for its high conservation value as a habitat for various organisms. However, the presence of livestock farms and farmland around Upo Wetland has led to the inflow of various pollutants, resulting in mass fish deaths. To protect and manage the freshwater fish residing in Upo Wetland, we analyzed the changes in fish fauna and community structure using survey data collected from 2003 to 2024. The survey confirmed the presence of 13,149 individuals belonging to 12 families and 30 species of fish, with Pseudorasbora parva being the dominant species, followed by Carassius auratus. Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus, invasive alien species, were prevalent in 2003 and 2009 but showed a rapid deline after 2021, while Erythroculter erythropterus increased significantly. Another alien species, Oreochromis niloticus, appeared intermittently, and the Rhodeus uyekii and Aphyocypris chinensis have not been observed since 2006, leading to the presumption that they have disappeared from Upo Wetland. Rhinogobius brunneus, Rhinogobius giurinus, and Tridentiger brevispinis have only been recorded since 2021, suggesting they were introduced after the 2020s.

Analysis of the Geographic Environment Characteristics of Mountain Wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do: Mi-Jeong Kim, Yeon Hui Jang, Jong-Hak Yun, Soo-Dong Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):280-289. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0029

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Abstract PDF: Wetlands are transitional zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and are among the most nutrient-rich and productive ecosystems on Earth. This study analyzed the topographical and ecological characteristics of mountain wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do to provide essential data for their conservation and management. The results indicated that mountain wetlands in Gyeongsangnam-do are primarily distributed in areas with slopes ranging from 5° to 15°. Bog (M1) and fen (M2), which possess significant ecological value, were found to be situated in areas over 700 m above sea level. In contrast, swamp (M4) was distributed across a wider range of altitudes and slopes, with some wetlands exhibiting signs of ecological degradation due to anthropogenic disturbances. These findings can serve as critical data for developing management plans aimed at the sustainable conservation of mountain wetlands.

Preparation an Ecological Map Using Data from the Third Survey on National Environment: Eui-Jeong Ko, Taeho Kang, Hye-Yeon Yoon; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):290-297. Published online December 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0130

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Abstract PDF: In this study, we created a map to present the results of the third survey on national environment, following the ecological and natural map guidelines established by law. For the terrestrial areas of the Republic of Korea, we conducted three assessments, vegetation, landform, and endangered species, at a national scale. The results yielded an ecological map covering 99,138.5 km². The map showed the area distribution of different grades as follows: 11.3% for grade 1, 31.4% for grade 2, and 57.3% for grade 3. Specifically, within grade 1, vegetation covered 90.5% of the area, endangered species covered 9.7%, and landform covered 1.3% (including overlapping areas). This map provides detailed information including habitats of endangered species that were previously inaccessible to the public. Additionally, it offers insights into management areas with separately managed zone that could not be identified in existing ecological and natural maps.

Wetland Preferences of Plants Distributed in Wetland Protection Areas on Jeju-do, Korea: Mi Ju Son, Jong-Hak Yun; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):298-304. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0033

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Abstract PDF: This study utilized intensive survey data conducted in accordance with the Wetland Conservation Act to organize the distribution of plants in each of the five wetland protect areas on Jeju-do and analyze their wetland preferences. The plants were identified as 498 taxa in Mulyeongari-oreum, 360 taxa 1100 Highland, 250 taxa in Muljangori-oreum, 535 taxa in Dongbaekdongsan, 300 taxa in Sumeunmulbaengdui. Among these, taxa for which wetland preferences were not identified were excluded, and an analysis of wetland preferences was conducted. According to the analysis of wetland preferences, the proportion of obligate upland plant (OBU) was the highest in all regions, Muljangori-oreum (67.7%), Mulyeongari-oreum (64.1%), 1100 Highland (58.8%), Sumeunmulbaengdui (58.4%), and Dongbaekdongsan (57.6%) followed. Wetland plants, including obligate wetland plant (OBW) and facultative wetland plant (FACW), were analyzed in the order of 1100 Highland (17.8%), Sumeunmulbaengdui (16.5%), Dongbaekdongsan (14.5%), Mulyeongarioreum (11.3%), and Muljangori-oreum (8.0%). These plant distribution characteristics can be used as basic data for establishing appropriate use, effective conservation, and management measures for wetland protection areas on Jeju-do.

Land Use in the Surrounding Area of Lake-type Wetland Protection Areas: Yeon Hui Jang, Jong-Hak Yun; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):305-311. Published online December 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0032

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Abstract PDF: In this study, we defined the range of surrounding areas that may impact the ecological environments of three lake-type inland wetland protection areas: Upo Wetland, Mungyeong Doline Wetland, and Duung Wetland. We analyzed the land cover types of each surrounding area to determine the proportion of anthropogenic environmental factors affecting the wetland protection area. The analysis revealed that agricultural areas and urbanized/construction areas were identified as the most significant anthropogenic threats among the land cover types. A comparison of these types across the wetlands showed that in Mungyeong Doline Wetland, there was a high proportion of agricultural and urbanized/construction areas in the zone adjacent to the buffer area (A-2). Therefore, it is necessary to manage this area to prevent the influx of external soil and plant/animal resources, and to establish management strategies for waste and emissions resulting from agricultural activities. For Upo Wetland, the overall high proportion of agricultural areas is expected to have a significant impact. In particular, the northeastern zone (B-2), where Saji-po is located, exhibited the highest proportions of both types. Thus, it is recommended that the agricultural areas surrounding Upo Wetland implement measures to prevent pesticide runoff and contamination from soil, as well as manage domestic wastewater generated from residences. Similarly, in Duung Wetland, a high proportion of agricultural and urbanized/construction areas was observed in the zone adjacent to the buffer area (C-2). This area is particularly vulnerable to issues such as ecosystem fragmentation within the wetland and the inflow of external resources, necessitating effective management strategies. The results of this study can serve as foundational resources for the sustainable conservation and management of the wetland protection area and its surrounding area.

Fish Diversity of East Sea Streams in Han River Region: Jeong Ho Hwang, Jong-Hak Yun; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):312-323. Published online December 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0031

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Abstract PDF: Fish surveys were conducted near artificial structures installed in nine streams flowing from the Han River region to the east coast of Korea. As a result of the survey, a total of 33,488 individuals belonging to 11 orders, 16 families, and 48 species were found. The dominant and subdominant species were Zacco koreanus, and Zacco platypus respectively. Among the surveyed fish species, endangered species (rank II) were Pungitius sinensis, Ladislavia taczanowskii, Phoxinus phoxinus, Lethenteron japonicus and Cottus hangiongensis. In addition, migratory fish species were Pungitius sinensis, Gymnogobius urotaenia, Tribolodon brandti, Oncorhynchus masou masou, Oncorhynchus keta, Plecoglossus altivelis, Lethenteron japonicus, Cottus hangiongensis and Tribolodon hakonensis. As a result of community analysis, Samcheokosip Stream, and Yangyangnamdae Stream have the highest diversity, and dominance indices respectively. Also, Jusu Stream has the highest richness and evenness indices. The highest number of species was surveyed in Gangneungnamdae Stream (24 species). Alpha diversity (the number of species at each survey point in each stream) was the highest at a survey point in Gangneungnamdae Stream (21 species), and beta diversity (species at each stream survey point that does not overlap with nearby survey point) was the highest at survey points in Gangneungnamdae Stream and Jusu Stream (10 species). As a result of the similarity analysis, surveyed streams were divided into five groups: group 1 stream (Yeongok· Samcheokosip·Gagok), group 2 stream (Yangyangnamdae·Hosan), group 3 stream (Gangneungnamdae), group 4 stream (Sangun·Jusu), and group 5 stream (Nakpung). This study is expected to serve as basic data for managing the aquatic ecosystem of streams flowing from the Han River region to the east coast.

Status of Flora on Gochang Ungok and Gochang Incheon River Estuarine Protected Wetland Areas: Hyeongcheol Lee, Chang-Su Lee, Sanghun Lee; GEO DATA. 2024;6(4):324-329. Published online December 31, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.22761/GD.2024.0042

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Abstract PDF: Wetland ecosystem is rapidly changing due to human activities and climate change, leading to concerns about biodiversity loss and ecosystem function degradation. Study on the flora of wetlands is essential for conservation and sustainable management. This study analyzes the plant habitats in Gochang Ungok Wetland and Gochang Incheon River Estuary to provide baseline data for wetland protection and management strategies. In Gochang Ungok Wetland, 534 taxa were identified, including endangered two, vulnerable three, and least concern six taxa by Korean red list. Two endangered species and three invasive species were confirmed. In Gochang Incheon River Estuarine Wetland, 400 taxa were identified, including one endangered and three least concern taxa by Korean Red List. Three invasive species were confirmed. The analysis shows that Gochang Ungok Wetland has a higher proportion of wetland plants and greater species diversity compared to Incheon River Estuary. Both wetlands are well-managed, but there is a need to control ornamental and crop species and manage invasive species like common ragweed and bur cucumber. Continuous monitoring and systematic management plans are required to protect valuable species and prevent ecological disturbances.

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